Bảng nguyên liệu thay thế

Bảng nguyên liệu thay thế
Nguồn : http://joyofbaking.com

Đôi khi bạn thấy cần tìm nguyên liệu thay thế trong một công thức. nhưng sử dụng các nguyên liệu khác để thay thế có thể làm thay đổi cả hương vị và chất liệu của bánh, vì vậy hiểu rõ vai trò của các nguyên liệu trong công thức là điều rất quan trọng trước khi bạn tìm các nguyên liệu thay thế khác trong công thức. Bảng phụ liệu thay thế này chỉ có tính tham khảo, hướng dẫn.

Almond Meal : Bột hạnh nhân
1 cup (100 grs)
Để làm bột hạnh nhân ( almond meal) cho 1 cup (100 grams) hạnh nhân xắt lát (slice), hạnh nhân đã được bóc vỏ (skin off) hoặc để nguyên (skins on) với 1 tablespoon (14 grams) đường cát vào máy xay thực phẩm và xay cho tới khi mịn. Thêm đường và bột mì vào hạnh nhân để tránh vón cục khi hạnh nhân thấm dầu tiết ra từ hạnh nhân. Hoặc sấy , nướng sơ hạnh nhân trước khi xay cũng giúp ngăn ngừa vón cục .
Almond Paste
- 1 1/3 cups (300 grs) = 1 3/4 cups (175 grams) bột hạnh nhân + 1 1/2 cups (175 grams) đường xay hoặc đường bột + 1 tròng trắng trứng lớn (30 grams) + 1 tsp. almond extract + 1/4 tsp. salt
Ammonium bicarbonate
- 3/4 teaspoon = 1 teaspoon baking soda
Arrowroot
1 tablespoon (15 grs) = 1 tbs. (15 grams) bột bắp (cornstarch), bột khoai tây hoặc bột gạo. (potato starch or rice starch )
= 2 tbs. (25 grams) bột mì đa dụng (all purpose flour)

Baking Powder, double-acting
(Rule of Thumb: 1 teaspoon for every 1 cup of flour)
High-Altitude Adjustments:
above 3000 ft. - reduce baking powder 1/8 teaspoon for every 1 teaspoon of baking powder in recipe
above 5000 ft. - reduce baking powder 1/8-1/4 teaspoon for every 1 teaspoon baking powder in recipe
above 7000 ft. - reduce baking powder 1/4 teaspoon for every 1 teaspoon baking powder in recipe
1 teaspoon = 1/4 tsp. baking soda + 1/2 teaspoon cream of tartar + 1/4 teaspoon cornstarch
= 1 1/2 tsp. single-action baking powder
= 1/4 tsp. baking soda + 1/2 cup (120 ml) buttermilk, sour milk or yogurt để thay thế 1/2 cup (120 ml) non-acidic liquid
Baking Powder, single-acting
1 teaspoon = 2/3 tsp. double-acting baking powder
= 1/4 teaspoon baking soda + 1/2 teaspoon cream of tartar + 1/4 teaspoon cornstarch
Baking Soda (Sodium Bicarbonate)
(Rule of Thumb: 1/4 teaspoon for every 1 cup of flour)
1/2 teaspoon = 2 teaspoons double-acting baking powder (phải thay thế dung dịch có tính acid trong công thức bằng dung dịch không có tính acid )
= 1/2 teaspoon potassium bicarbonate
Vụn bánh mì khô - Bread Crumbs, Dry
1 cup (150 grams) = 1 cup bánh cracker nghiền vụn ( crushed cracker crumbs)
= 1 cup matzo meal
= 1 cup ngũ cốc ăn sáng nghiền (crushed cornflakes)
= 1 cup bột yến mạch (ground oats)
= 1 cup potato chips nghiền vụn
Buttermilk (Sour Milk) (see below under MILK, Buttermilk)
1 cup (240 ml)

Carob Powder
1 tablespoon (7 grams) = 1 tablespoon (7 grams) cocoa powder (either natural or Dutch-processed)
Chocolate, Bittersweet or Semi-sweet
1 ounce (30 grams) = 1/2 ounce (15 grams) unsweetened chocolate + 1 tbsp. (15 grams) granulated white sugar
Chocolate, Milk
1 ounce (30 grams) = 1 ounce (30 grams) bittersweet or semi-sweet + 1 tbsp. (15 grams) granulated white sugar
= 1 ounce (30 grams) sweet dark chocolate
= 1 ounce (30 grams) white chocolate
Chocolate, Sweet German
1 ounce (30 grams) = 1 ounce (30 grams) bittersweet or semi-sweet chocolate plus 1/2 tablespoon (7 grams) granulated white sugar
= 1 ounce (30 grams) milk chocolate
Chocolate, Unsweetened
1 ounce (30 grams) = 3 tbs. (20 grams) natural cocoa powder (not Dutch-processed) + 1 tbs. (14 grams) bơ lạt , dầu ăn hoặc shortening
Chocolate, White
1 ounce (30 grams) = 1 ounce (30 grams) milk chocolate
= 1 ounce (30 grams) sweet dark chocolate
Cocoa Powder, Dutch-Processed
3 tablespoons (20 grams) = 3 tbs. (20 grams) natural unsweetened cocoa powder + 1/8 tsp. baking soda
= 1 ounce (30 grams) unsweetened chocolate +1/8 tsp. baking soda (reduce fat in recipe by 1 tbsp.)
= 3 tbsp. (20 grams) carob powder
Cocoa Powder, Natural Unsweetened
3 tablespoons (20 grams) = 3 tbsp (20 grams) Dutch-processed cocoa plus 1/8 tsp. cream of tartar, lemon juice or white vinegar
= 1 ounce (30 grams) unsweetened chocolate (reduce fat in recipe by 1 tbsp.)
= 3 tbsp. (20 grams) carob powder
Coconut, fresh
1 cup = 1 cup (90 grams) dried flaked coconut
= 3/4 cup (75 grams) dried shredded coconut
Coconut, dry shredded
1 cup (90 grams) = 1 1/4 cups freshly grated coconut
= 1 1/4 cup (110 grams) dried flaked coconut
Coconut milk, fresh
1 cup (240 ml) = 1 cup (240 ml) canned coconut milk (not low fat)
= 3 tbsp.) canned cream of coconut thêm nước nóng hoặc sữa cho đủ 1 cup (240 ml)
= 1/4 cup (60 ml) coconut cream powder +1 cup (240 ml) nước nóng hoặc sữa
Coconut cream, fresh
1 cup (240 ml) = 1 cup (240 ml) canned coconut cream
= 1 cup (240 ml) top layer of canned coconut milk (not low fat) (do not shake or stir can before skimming)
= 1 cup (240 ml) heavy whipping cream (35% butterfat) + 1/2 cup coconut cream powder
Coffee, strong brewed
1/4 cup (60 ml) = 2 tbsp.) (10 grams) instant espresso powder dissolved in 3 tbsp.) hot water
Cookie Crumbs
1 cup (100 grams) = Có thể thay thế bằng một lượng tương đương một trong các loại bánh : chocolate wafers, vanilla wafers, graham crackers, macaroons, or gingersnaps
Cornmeal, stone ground
1 cup (180 grams) = 1 cup regular milled cornmeal
= 1 cup corn grits
= 1 cup polenta
= 1 cup maize meal
Corn Syrup, Dark
1 cup (240 ml) = 3/4 cup (180 ml) light corn syrup plus 1/4 cup (60 ml) light molasses
Corn Syrup, Light
1 cup (240 ml) = 1 cup (240 ml) dark corn syrup
= 1 cup(240 ml) treacle
= 1 cup (240 ml) liquid glucose
= 1 cup (240 ml) honey
= 1 cup (200 grams) đường cát trắng (tăng lượng dung dịch trong công thức by 1/4 cup (60 ml))
Cornstarch or Corn flour (for thickening)
1 tablespoon (15 grams) = 2 tbsp. (25 grams) all purpose flour
= 1 tbsp. (15 grams) potato starch or rice starch or flour
= 1 tbsp.(15 grams) arrowroot
= 2 tablespoons (25 grams) quick-cooking (instant) tapioca
Cream of Tartar
1/2 teaspoon = 1/2 teaspoon dấm trắng hoặc nước cốt chanh (white vinegar or lemon juice)
Cream, Clotted
1 cup (225 grams) = 1 cup (225 grams) cr?e fra?/font>che
= 1 cup (225 grams) mascarpone cheese
= 1 cup (240 ml) heavy whipping cream (35% butterfat), whipped
Cream, Cr?e fra?/font>che
1 cup (225 grams) = 1 cup (225 grams) sour cream
= 1 cup (240 ml) whipping cream plus 1 tbsp buttermilk or yogurt
= 1/2 cup (120 ml) whipping cream plus 1/2 cup (112 grams) sour cream
= 1 cup (225 grams) mascarpone cheese
Cream, Half & Half (10 - 12% Butterfat)
1 cup (240 ml) = 7/8 cup (210 ml) whole milk plus 2 tbsp (25 grams) melted unsalted butter
= 1/2 cup (120 ml) light cream (5% butterfat) plus 1/2 cup (120 ml) whole milk
= 1/2 cup (120 ml) partly skimmed milk plus 1/2 cup (120 ml) heavy whipping cream (35%)
Cream, Heavy (35% butterfat) (not for whipping)
1 cup (240 ml) = 2/3 cup (160 ml) whole milk plus 1/3 cup (75 grams) melted unsalted butter
Cream, Light or Coffee Cream (18% Butterfat)
1 cup (240 ml) = 1 cup (240 ml) half & half cream (12% butterfat)
= 7/8 cup (210 ml) whole milk plus 3 tablespoons (35 grams) melted butter
= 1/2 cup (120 ml) evaporated milk or heavy cream plus 1/2 cup (120 ml) milk
Cream, Light Whipping (30% Butterfat) (not for whipping)
1 cup (240 ml) = 3/4 cup (180 ml) whole milk plus 1/4 cup (57 grams) melted unsalted butter
= 1 cup (240 ml) half & half cream (12% butterfat)
Cream, Sour
1 cup (225 grams) (8 ounces) = 1 cup (225 grams) plain yogurt
= 3/4 cup (180 ml) sour milk, buttermilk or plain yogurt + 1/3 cup (75 grams) melted butter
= 1 cup (225 grams) cr?e fra?/font>che
= 1 tbsp nước cốt chanh hoặc dấm thêm sữa cho đủ 1 cup (240 ml) (let stand 5-10 minutes)
Currants
1 cup (120 grams) = 1 cup (120 grs) nho (raisins )
= 1 cup (120 grs) chà là xắt nhỏ (chopped dates)
= 1 cup (120 grs) trái cây khô các loại (cranberries, cherries, blueberries)
Eggs, whole
1 large (about 2 ounces) = cả vỏ - In Shell (57 grs) không vỏ -Without Shell (50 grams)
= 2 large egg yolks (36 grs) +1 tbsp. nước (in baking)
= 2 large egg yolks (36 grs) (làm custards, sauces, puddings & mousses)
= 3 1/2 tbsp. frozen whole egg, thawed
= 3 1/2 tbsp. egg substitute
= 2 1/2 tbsp. bột trứng + 2 1/2 tbsp. s water
Eggs, whites
1 large egg white (30 grs) = 2 tbsp. frozen egg whites, thawed
= 1 tbsp. powdered egg white plus 2 tbsp. water
Eggs, yolks
2 large yolks (36 grams) = 1 large whole egg (In Shell 57 grams) (Without Shell 50 grams)
Eggs, yolks
1 large yolk (18 grams) = 2 tbsp. powdered egg yolk plus 2 teaspoons water
= 3 1/2 tsp.frozen egg yolks, để ấm (thawed )
Extract, pure Vanilla
1 teaspoon = 1/2 of vanilla bean
= 1/2 - 1 teaspoon other extract (almond, orange, lemon, etc.)
Other Extracts (almond, lemon, orange, peppermint, etc.)
1 teaspoon = 1 teaspoon of other extract (vanilla, orange, lemon, etc.)
= 1 to 2 drops of oil of same flavor
Fats, Salted Butter
1/2 cup (113 grams) = 1/2 cup (113 grams) unsalted butter plus 1/4 teaspoon salt
= 1/2 cup (113 grams) margarine
= 1/2 cup (113 grams) solid vegetable shortening or lard
Fats, Unsalted Butter
1/2 cup (113 grs) = 1/2 cup (113 grs) salted butter (decrease the salt in recipe by 1/4 teaspoon)
= 1/2 cup (113 grs) margarine
= 1/2 cup (113 grs) solid vegetable shortening or lard
Fats, Lard
1/2 cup (113 grs) = 1/2 cup (113 grs) solid vegetable shortening
= 1/2 cup (113 grs) plus 1 tablespoon (14 grs) unsalted butter
Fats, Margarine
1/2 cup (113 grs) = 1/2 cup (113 grs) salted or unsalted butter
= 1/2 cup (113 grs) solid vegetable shortening
Fats, Solid Vegetable Shortening
1/2 cup (113 grams) = 1/2 cup (113 grs) salted or unsalted butter
= 1/2 cup(113 grs) lard
= 1/2 cup (113 grs) margarine
Flour, All Purpose
1 cup (140 grams) = 1 cup (110 grs) plus 2 tablespoons (20 grs) sifted cake flour
= 1 cup (140 grs) self-rising flour (không thêm baking powder và muối trong recipe)
= 7/8 cup (130 grs) bột gạo - rice flour (starch) (không thay thể tất cả bột mì bằng bột gạo)
= 1/2 cup (65 grs) white cake flour plus 1/2 cup (75 grs) whole wheat flour
FLOUR, Bread
1 cup (160 grs) = 1 cup (140 grs) all purpose flour
FLOUR, Cake
1 cup (130 grs) = 3/4 cup (105 grs) all purpose flour plus 2 tbsp. (30 grs) cornstarch
FLOUR, Pastry
2 cups (270 grs) = 1 1/3 cup (185 grs) all purpose flour + 2/3 cup (85 grs) cake flour
FLOUR, Rice
1 cup (150 grs) = Equal amounts of cake or pastry flour
FLOUR, Self-Rising
1 cup (140 grs) = 1 cup (140 grs) similar grade (all purpose) flour + 1 1/2 tsp. baking powder +1/4 tsp. salt
FLOUR, Whole Wheat
1 cup (150 grs) = 7/8 cup (120 grs) all purpose flour plus 2 tbsp. (6 grs) wheat germ
= 1 cup graham flour
GELATIN, Leaf or Sheet
4 leaves (4 x 9 inches) (10 x 23 cm) = 1 (1/4 ounce) envelope (7 grams) powdered gelatin
GELATIN, Powdered (Unflavored)
1 envelope (1/4 ounce) (1 tablespoon granules) (7 grams) = 4 leaves sheet gelatin
= 2 teaspoons agar
Ghee
1 tablespoon = 1 tablespoon clarified butter
= 1 tablespoon vegetable oil
Ginger Root, freshly grated
1 tablespoon = 1 tablespoon candied ginger, rinsed and finely chopped
= 1 1/2 teaspoon ground dried ginger + 1/2 teaspoon fresh lemon juice
Glucose, liquid
1/2 cup (120 ml) = 1/2 cup (120 ml) light corn syrup
Golden Syrup
1 cup (240 ml) = 1 cup (240 ml) treacle
= 1 cup (240 ml) light molasses
= 1 cup (240 ml) corn syrup
Honey
1 cup (240 ml) = 3/4 cup (180 ml) maple syrup + 1/2 cup (100 grs) đường cát.
= 3/4 cup (180 ml) light or dark corn syrup plus 1/2 cup (100 grams) đường cát.
= 3/4 cup (180 ml) light molasses+1/2 cup (100 grs) đường cát.
= 1 1/4 cups (250 grs - 265 grs) đường cát hoặc đường nâu +1/4 cup (60 ml) additional liquid in recipe +1/2 tsp. cream of tartar
Lemon Juice, freshly squeezed
1 tablespoon = 1 tablespoon bottled lemon juice
= 1 tablespoon fresh lime juice
= 1/2 tablespoon vinegar (depending on recipe and do not use for flavoring)
Lemon, Zest
1 teaspoon = 1 teaspoon orange or lime zest
= 1/2 teaspoon lemon extract
Lime Juice, freshly squeezed
1 tablespoon = 1 tablespoon lemon or orange juice
Lime, Zest
1 teaspoon = 1 teaspoon lemon or orange
Maple Sugar, finely grated
1/2 cup (100 grs) = 1 cup (240 ml) maple syrup (giảm 1/4 cup lượng dung dịch trong recipe)
= 3/4 cup (150 grs) đường cát + 1 tsp. pure maple extract
Maple Syrup
1 cup (240 ml) = 1/2 cup (100 grs) maple sugar (tăng 1/4 cup (60 ml) lượng dung dịch trong recipe)
= 1 cup (240 ml) honey
= 3/4 cup (180 ml) corn syrup + 1/4 cup (57 grs) butter + 1/2 tsp. maple extract (optional)
Marshmallows
8 regular = 1 cup miniature
= 2.5 ounces marshmallow cream
Marzipan
2 1/2 cups (560 grs) = 2 cups (450 grs) almond paste +1 cup (115 grs) đường bột + 2 tbsp. light corn syrup
Mascarpone Cheese
1 cup (8 ounces) (225 grs) = 1 cup (225 grs) Cr?e fra?/font>che
= 3/4 cup (170 grs) cream cheese beaten with 1/4 cup (60 ml) heavy whipping cream (35%)
MILK, Buttermilk (sour milk)
1 cup (240 ml) = 1 tbsp. lemon juice or vinegar (white or cider) plus enough milk to make 1 cup (240 ml) (let stand 5-10 minutes)
= 1 cup (225 grs) plain or low fat yogurt
= 1 cup (225 grs) sour cream
= 1 cup (240 ml) water plus 1/4 cup buttermilk powder
= 1 cup (240 ml) milk plus 1 1/2 - 1 3/4 teaspoons cream of tartar
MILK, Sweetened Condensed
14 ounce can (396 grs) = 1 cup instant nonfat dry milk plus 2/3 cup (135 grams) granulated white sugar plus 1/2 cup (120 ml) boiling water plus 3 tablespoons (35 grams) melted unsalted butter (process in blender or food processor until smooth)
MILK, Evaporated Whole
1 cup (240 ml) = 1 cup (240 ml) half & half (10-12% butterfat)
= 1 cup (240 ml) light or table cream (20% butterfat)
= 1 cup (240 ml) light (30% butterfat) or heavy whipping cream (35% butterfat)
MILK, Skim (Non fat)
1 cup (240 ml) = 1/4 cup powdered skim milk plus 7/8 cup (210 ml) water
= 1/2 cup (120 ml) evaporated skim milk plus 1/2 cup (120 ml) water
MILK, Whole (3.5%)
1 cup (240 ml) = 1/2 cup (120 ml) evaporated whole milk plus 1/2 cup (120 ml) water
= 1/2 cup condensed milk plus 1/2 cup (120 ml) water
= 1 cup (240 ml) skim milk plus 2 tablespoons (25 grams) melted butter or margarine
= 1/4 cup powdered skim milk plus 7/8 cup (210 ml) water plus 1 tablespoon (14 grams) melted butter or margarine
Molasses
1 cup (240 ml) = 1 cup (240 ml) honey
= 1 cup (240 ml) dark corn syrup
= 1 cup (240 ml) maple syrup
= 3/4 cup (180 ml) light or dark brown sugar heated to dissolve in 1/4 cup (60 ml) liquid
Nuts, chopped, ground, or whole
1 cup (100 grams) = 1 cup (100 grams) of similar nuts prepared in the same way
Oats, quick-cooking rolled
1 cup (90 grams) = 1 cup (90 grams) regular (old fashioned) rolled oats
Oats, regular (old-fashioned)
1 cup (90 grams) = 1 cup (90 grams) quick-cooking rolled
Orange Juice, freshly squeezed
1 cup (240 ml) = 1 cup reconstituted frozen concentrate
Orange, Zest
1 teaspoon = 1 teaspoon lemon or lime zest
= 1 teaspoon finely chopped candied orange peel
Polenta, dry
1 cup (180 grams) = 1 cup cornmeal
= 1 cup maize meal
= 1 cup corn grits
Raisins
1 cup (120 grams) = 1 cup (120 grams) dried currants
= 1 cup (120 grams) pitted chopped dates (chà là)
= 1 cup (120 grams) dried fruit, finely chopped (cherries, cranberries, blueberries, etc.)
Ricotta Cheese
1 cup (8 ounces) (225 grams) = 1 cup (225 grams) dry cottage cheese
Rose Water
1 teaspoon = 1 teaspoon any flower-based water
Salt, kosher
1 teaspoon = 1 teaspoon sea salt or table
Salt, sea salt
1 teaspoon = 1 teaspoon kosher or table
Salt, table
1 teaspoon = 1 teaspoon kosher or sea salt
SUGAR, granulated white
1 cup (200 grams) = 1 cup (200 grams) caster (superfine) sugar
= 1 cup (215 grams) tightly packed light or dark brown sugar
SUGAR, brown, light or dark
1 cup (215 grams) = 1 cup (215 grams) raw sugar
= 1 cup (200 grams) white granulated sugar
= 1 cup (200 grams) white granulated sugar plus 1/4 cup (60 ml) unsulfured light molasses
For light brown sugar - substitute 1/2 cup (110 grams) dark brown sugar plus 1/2 cup (100 grams) white granulated sugar
SUGAR, caster (superfine)
1 cup (200 grams) = 1 cup (200 grams) đường cát xay bằng food processor cho tới khi mịn.
SUGAR, raw
1 cup (215 grams) = 1 cup (215 grams) light or dark brown sugar
Tapioca, instant or quick-cooking
1 tablespoon (12 grams) = 2 tablespoons (24 grams) pearl tapioca, soaked
= 1 1/2 tablespoons (20 grams) flour
Treacle
1 cup (240 ml) = 1 cup (240 ml) light or dark corn syrup
= 1 cup (240 ml) light molasses
Vanilla Bean
1 bean = 2 - 3 teaspoons pure vanilla extract
Vanilla Extract
1 teaspoon = 1/2 teaspoon powdered
VINEGAR, apple cider vinegar
1/4 cup (60 ml) = 1/4 cup (60 ml) white vinegar
VINEGAR, white
1/4 cup (60 ml) = 1/4 cup (60 ml) apple cider vinegar
= 1/3 cup (80 ml) nước cốt chanh tươi.
YEAST, active dry
1 envelope (1/4 ounce) (7 grams) = 1 scant (7 grams) tablespoon active dry yeast
= 1 cake (3/5 ounce) fresh compressed yeast
= 1 tablespoon (7 grams) fast-rising active yeast
YEAST, compressed
1 cake (3/5 ounce) = 1 (1/4 ounce) envelope (7 grams) active dry yeast
= 1 scant tablespoon (7 grams) active dry yeast
Yogurt, plain (not low fat)
1 cup (225 grams) = 1 cup (225 grams) sour cream
= 1 cup (240 ml) buttermilk
= 1 cup (225 grams) crème fraiche
= 1 cup (240 ml) heavy whipping cream (35% butterfat) plus 1 tablespoon freshly squeezed lemon juice